| Oppositional defiant disorder is reported to affect | | | | The family's response to the child's style |
| between 10 percent and 15 percent of children | | | | Genetic component that when coupled with |
| and adolescents in the general population. | | | | certain environmental conditions. |
| Oppositional Defiant Disorder caused of | | | | Biochemical or neurological factor. |
| environment, genetics, and medical problems. | | | | Signs and Symptoms of Oppositional Defiant |
| Children with ODD show a pattern of | | | | Disorder |
| stubbornness and frequently test limits, even in | | | | Common sign and symptoms of Oppositional |
| early childhood. In younger children, ODD is more | | | | Defiant Disorder |
| common in boys. The techniques used by parents | | | | Acting touchy and easily annoyed |
| and authority figures on these children bring about | | | | Anger and resentment. |
| the oppositional defiant behavior. Oppositional | | | | Spiteful or vindictive behavior |
| defiant disorder often occurs along with other | | | | Refusal to comply with adult requests or rules |
| behavioral or mental health problems such as | | | | Deliberate annoyance of other people |
| attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), | | | | Frequent temper tantrums |
| anxiety or depression. The symptoms of ODD | | | | Argumentativeness with adults |
| may be hard to distinguish from those of other | | | | Blaming others for mistakes or misbehavior |
| behavioral or mental health problems. Treatment | | | | Treatment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder |
| of ODD may include is Parent management | | | | Common Treatment of Oppositional Defiant |
| training (PMT) is recommended for families of | | | | Disorder |
| children with ODD because it has been | | | | Stimulant medication is indicated only when |
| demonstrated to affect negative interactions that | | | | oppositional defiant disorder coexists with |
| repeatedly occur between the children and their | | | | attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. |
| parents. PMT consists of procedures with which | | | | Parent management training focuses on teaching |
| parents are trained to change their own behaviors | | | | the parents more effective, specific techniques |
| and thereby alter their child's problem behavior in | | | | for handling the child's opposition and defiance. |
| the home. Individual Psychotherapy to develop | | | | Family therapy is often focused on making |
| more effective anger management, Family | | | | changes within the family system, such as |
| Psychotherapy to improve communication, | | | | improving communication skills and family |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to assist problem | | | | interactions. |
| solving and decrease negativity, and Social Skills | | | | Peer group therapy is often focused on |
| Training to increase flexibility and improve | | | | developing social skills and interpersonal skills. |
| frustration tolerance with peers. | | | | "Wrap around" services, which include a full-day |
| Causes of Oppositional Defiant Disorder | | | | school program and home-based therapy services |
| Common causes and risk factors of Oppositional | | | | to maintain progress in the home setting. Thus, |
| Defiant Disorder | | | | effective treatment can include resources from |
| Inherent temperament | | | | several agencies, and coordination is critical. |